Cyber security in medical imaging involves protecting patient data and devices from cyber attacks, data breaches, and unauthorised access.

Safeguarding Medical Images: Strategies and Challenges in Cyber Security

Cyber security in medical imaging refers to the measures taken to protect medical images, patient information, and medical devices used in imaging from cyber attacks, data breaches, and unauthorised access.

Radiology departments use various medical modalities, such as X-rays, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging, to diagnose and treat patients.  Unfortunately, when these images are produced, they contain sensitive patient information, such as their name, date of birth, and medical history, making them a valuable target for cyber criminals.

To ensure cyber security, access to medical photos and patient data should only be restricted to authorised personnel.  This can be achieved by using strong passwords, multi-factor authentication, and role-based access control.  Also, all medical images and patient data should be encrypted during transmission and storage to prevent unauthorised access.  In addition, all the medical devices are linked to other servers, such as DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) and PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System).  It is important that these servers are updated regularly with the latest security patches to protect against known vulnerabilities. 

These measures extend to the network used to transmit medical images, and patient information should be secured using firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention systems, and other security measures.  It is important that healthcare personnel should be trained on the importance of cyber security and the best practices for protecting medical images and patient information.  In the event of a security violation or cyber attack, healthcare organisations should have a well-defined incident response plan to minimise damage and quickly recover from the attack.

By implementing these measures, healthcare organisations can ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of medical images and patient data and protect against cyber threats.

PACS systems have several components, including imaging modalities (such as X-ray machines and CT scanners) and radiologist workstations.  These systems enable healthcare professionals to view and interpret the images, servers and storage devices for storing and retrieving images, and network infrastructure for transmitting the images between these components. 

DICOM is a standard for managing medical images and related information.  It is a file format and communication protocol that enables exchanging of medical images, such as X-rays, MRIs, and CT scans, between different imaging devices and software applications.  It is used by healthcare organisations, medical device manufacturers, and software vendors worldwide.  It plays a critical role in supporting clinical decision-making and improving patient outcomes.

When Cyber Security Fails: The Consequences of Cyber Attacks on the National Health Service

Several cyber attacks have targeted the NHS (National Health Service) in recent years.  These attacks have caused significant disruption to healthcare services and put patient data at risk.

One of the most notable cyber attacks on the NHS was the WannaCry ransomware in 2017, affecting over 200,000 computers in 150 countries.  The attack exploited a vulnerability in older versions of Microsoft Windows, affecting many NHS hospitals and clinics.  The attack disrupted services, causing cancellations of appointments and surgeries and delayed processing of test results and referrals.

In 2021, the NHS experienced another cyber attack that affected several hospitals and healthcare organisations.  The attack was attributed to a Chinese hacking group, and it targeted vulnerabilities in virtual private network (VPN) systems used by the affected organisations.  The attack disrupted services and caused delays in patient care.

The NHS has taken steps to improve cyber security in response to these attacks.  This will include investing in new technology and training staff to be more aware of the risks of cyber attacks.  The NHS has also established a dedicated cyber security centre to monitor and respond to threats.

However, the threat of cyber attacks on the NHS remains high.  Healthcare organisations must continue to be vigilant and proactive in their efforts to protect patient data and ensure the availability of critical services.

Hijacked Imaging: The Threat of Cyber Criminals Controlling Medical Scanners

Cyber criminals can take control of medical imaging scanners, although it is not a common occurrence.  Medical imaging scanners can be vulnerable to cyber attacks like all connected devices if they are not adequately secured.  If a scanner is compromised, a cyber criminal could gain access to the images it produces, modify them, or even interfere with its operation.

One example of a vulnerability that cyber criminals could exploit is using default login credentials on the scanner’s web interface or operating system.  If these credentials are not changed, an attacker could use them to gain unauthorised access to the scanner.

Another potential vulnerability is outdated software or firmware on the scanner, which may contain known security vulnerabilities that cyber criminals can exploit.  Therefore, following best practices for cyber security is important to reduce the risk of cyber attacks on medical imaging devices.  These include regularly updating software and firmware, using strong passwords and multi-factor authentication, and limiting scanner access to authorised personnel.  Furthermore, organisations must have a plan for responding to a cyber attack, including regular backups of patient data and a system for quickly detecting and responding to security incidents.

Layers of Protection: Building a Robust Security Framework for Medical Imaging Device

Protecting medical scanners from cyber criminals involves a multi-layered approach that includes both technical and administrative safeguards, for example:

• Regularly update the scanner’s operating system, software, and firmware to fix known vulnerabilities and protect the scanner against the latest cyber threats.
• Ensure that strong passwords are used for all accounts.  If possible, enable two-factor authentication to add an extra layer of security.
• Install firewalls and antivirus software to protect the scanner from Malware and other cyber threats.
• Limit access to the scanner to authorised personnel only.  Restrict physical access to the scanner by implementing access controls, such as keycards or biometric authentication.
• Conduct regular security evaluations to identify vulnerabilities and ensure all security controls work effectively.
• Apply encryption to protect sensitive data stored on the scanner or transmitted over the network.
• Train staff on identifying and responding to cyber threats, including phishing attacks and social engineering.

The future of cyber security will likely be shaped by several emerging technologies and trends, as well as ongoing threats and challenges.  For example, artificial intelligence and machine learning are already used to enhance cyber security, such as identifying and preventing cyber attacks.  However, the associated security risks will increase as more devices connect to the internet.  Therefore, ensuring the security of IoT devices will be crucial in the future.

Furthermore, quantum computing has the potential to break many of the cryptographic algorithms used to secure data today.  This means that new, quantum-resistant encryption methods will need to be developed.  The use of cloud computing is increasing, so securing cloud environments will become more critical.  As more companies move their data and applications to the cloud, cloud security will become a significant concern.

However, human behaviour will play a crucial role in cyber security.  Educating people on how to stay safe online will be essential, as will ensuring that employees are adequately trained to recognise and respond to cyber threats.

Digital Hostage: Analysing the Impact of the WannaCry Ransomware Attack on Healthcare Organisations

Cyber attacks in medical imaging include the WannaCry ransomware attack in May 2017, which affected more than 200,000 computers in 150 countries, particularly in healthcare organisations.  This attack exploited a vulnerability in Microsoft Windows operating systems and demanded ransom payments for data restoration.  A further raid in June 2017 involved NotPetya Malware which targeted healthcare facilities.

However, In May 2019, Microsoft warned about a critical vulnerability in its Remote Desktop Services that attackers could exploit to execute code remotely.  This vulnerability, known as BlueKeep, could allow attackers to spread Malware and take over systems.  Healthcare organisations that use medical imaging systems were among the many potentially affected organisations.  Another cyber attack in 2021 involved the Ryuk ransomware, which affected Universal Health Services, causing significant disruption and forcing the organisation to temporarily shut down some of its systems.  In 2021, the cyber security firm Check Point discovered a new strain of Malware called DarkRadiation, specifically designed to target medical imaging devices.  This Malware could potentially allow attackers to gain access to sensitive patient data or even disrupt the functioning of these devices.

Vision 2030: The Future of Cyber Security in Medical Imaging Devices

The future of cyber security will be complex and challenging.  However, with the right strategies and technologies in place, we can work to ensure that our digital lives remain safe and secure.

Cyber attacks involving IoT are becoming increasingly common as more devices connect to the internet. Unfortunately, these devices are often designed with limited security features, making them easy targets for cyber criminals looking to exploit vulnerabilities and gain unauthorised access.  For example, Botnets can use distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks and comprise the device due to weak security and internet connection.  Also, Malware can be used to infect IoT devices and therefore gain access to sensitive data and steal passwords to take control of the device.  In addition, a cyber attacker can intercept communication between two devices and steal data or inject malicious code.  However, physical attacks involve accessing the IoT device to steal or modify data, install Malware, or even destroy the device.

Therefore, protecting IoT devices from cyber attacks is vital by implementing strong security measures, such as using complex passwords, keeping software up-to-date, and regularly monitoring suspicious activity.  Additionally, manufacturers can design devices with more robust security features like encryption and two-factor authentication.