Radioiodine therapy, also known as radioactive iodine therapy, is a form of treatment primarily used for certain types of thyroid disorders, particularly hyperthyroidism and differentiated thyroid cancer. This therapeutic approach utilises a radioactive isotope of iodine, known as I-131, which effectively targets and destroys thyroid cells.
The thyroid gland can absorb iodine, which it normally uses to produce thyroid hormones. In radioiodine therapy, the radioactive iodine, administered orally in a capsule or liquid form, is absorbed by the thyroid gland in the same way as non-radioactive iodine. Once absorbed, the radioactivity in the iodine destroys the overactive thyroid cells over time, thereby reducing the gland’s hormone production to healthier levels.
For hyperthyroidism, radioiodine therapy is often considered after anti-thyroid medications have proven ineffective or as an alternative to surgical removal of the thyroid gland. It is favoured for its non-invasive nature and high efficacy rate, with many patients achieving normal thyroid function post-treatment. However, a common side effect is hypothyroidism, where the thyroid becomes underactive, necessitating life-long thyroid hormone replacement therapy.
In the context of thyroid cancer, particularly papillary and follicular thyroid cancer, radioiodine therapy is used to eliminate any remaining cancerous thyroid tissue after the surgical removal of the thyroid gland. This treatment helps reduce the risk of recurrence and treat metastases that might not have been surgically accessible. The decision to use radioiodine therapy is based on the individual’s risk factors and the characteristics of the cancer.
The procedure for radioiodine therapy typically involves a preparatory phase, during which thyroid hormone medications are either stopped or the patient is put on a low-iodine diet to enhance the thyroid gland’s iodine uptake. The radioactive iodine dose is then calculated based on the patient’s body weight and the extent of the thyroid issue.
While radioiodine therapy is widely regarded as safe and effective, it does require certain safety precautions to minimise radiation exposure to others. For several days after treatment, patients may need to isolate themselves at home and avoid close contact with others, especially pregnant women and children. Additionally, they are advised to follow specific hygiene and food preparation guidelines to prevent the spread of radioactive materials.
Radioiodine therapy represents a significant advancement in treating thyroid-related diseases. It offers a targeted approach that maximises therapeutic benefits while minimising systemic side effects. It remains a cornerstone in the management of thyroid conditions, widely utilised across the UK and globally.
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